LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



021 394 422 8 % 



HoUinger Corp. 
pH 8.3 




Souvenir Album 

d' the 

GREAT European 

War 



WITH PICTORIAL MAP 
of the BATTLEGROUNDS 



COPYRIGHT 1914 

THE OSBORNE COMPANY 

CTINERAL OFFICES AND WORKS NEWVRKN.J. 
OSBORNE ART CALENItARS 






Introduction. 



The pictures in this album are reproduced from 
actual photographs taken in Europe, many of which 
have already appeared, in more or less crude form, in 
the newspapers. 

Believing that these photographs of men and events 
in the most stupendous war of the world's history 
possess a world wide interest, and will be of permanent 
historical value, we have reproduced them in the actual 
colors of life, and in form which is more worthy of 
preservation than the mere half tone newspaper cuts. 

The pictures were published for sale in post cards. 
But when we saw how attractive they were, it occurred 
to us to gather them together in this album and pre- 
sent it to our customers. 

Please accept it with our compliments, and as an 
expression of our appreciation of your confidence in 
us and of the business we have received from you. 



The Osborne Company 

Osborne Art Calendars 
NEWARK, N. J. 

Largest Calendar Sales in the World 

JAN -9 1915 






\ 




i<30 



^ French Cuirassiers Helping a 
Wounded Comrade at St. 
Quentin 

The cuirassicre are heavy cav- 
.4ry for charging, not scoiitin;:. 
The French and German armies 
have eadi twelve regiments, and 
the Russians four. They are a 
survival of the 1 7th century, wear- 
ing steel cuirasses and helmets 
with horsehair plumes. Napo- 
leon Hi's bodyguard, "Lcs Cents- 
Gardes," wore aluminum. They 
carry a long double-edged stabbing 
sword. St. Quentin was on the 
French route of retreat to Paris 
in the (irst stage of the war. 




FRENCH CUIRA^SJERS HELPING WOUNDEtfCOMRADE AT ST.QUENTIN 




The Terrible Turcos — Native 
Algerians in the French 
Army 

These arc not negroes, but men 
of Berber origin with black beards 
and tanned facesi. They are re- 
cruited in Algiers and are called 
"tirailleurs algieriens." Their 
headgear is the "characteristic fez. 
The object resembling a football 
which they carry on die hip is a 
water bottle. 

In the war of 1870 these troops 
became greatly feared and hated 
by the Germans, because of their 
trick of "playing possum" until the 
enemy passed and then springing 
tip and striking from the rear. 
They are impetuous fighters, and 
the difficulty the French generals 
find in their emplojinent is to hold 
them back at times when to charge 
the enemv is foolhardv. 



Sharp Shooters of France 

TKere are thirtj^ battalions of 
"chausseurs alpins," who^pend half 
each year in the French Alps. Kach 
i-arries an alpenstock and a pack. 
Tliey are among the hardiest and, 
best trained French infantry, skilled 
with the rifle and in mountain war- 
fare. Among the Vosges Moun- 
tains they tied themselves in trees, 
so when wounded they would not 
drop and betray their position. 

The mule isi a useful creature 
in time of war — especially in the 
commissary department, to carry 
pots, pans and provisions. Like 
the burro of the American south- 
west, the Alpine mule is a sure- 
footed climber. 






The Famous Scots Greys 

The Royal Scots Greys were the 
first regiment of dragoons raised 
in Great Britain (1681). There 
are now half a score of ^Iragoori 
guard and dragoon regiments, 9 II 
mounted and equipped as medium 
heavy cavalry. They are armed 
with carbine and sabre, and wear 
metal helmets (except the Scots 
Oreys). This noted regiment has 
served with distinction in all parts 
of the world, and has already 
counted big in the British defense 
in France and Belgium. The 
"Grey" does not refer to the uni- 
form, but to the horses, which all 
have their tails trimmed half-short. 



The GrenadierGuards— British 
Veterans of the Boer War 

In the Boer War the Grenadier 
Guards shared the brunt of the 
fighting, and it was in South Africa 
that their leader lost his arm. 

The Prince of Wales 19 a second 
lieutenant in this regiment. 

The building on the ri^t of die 
picture is Buckingham Palace. 




British Field Artillery at the 
Mame 

This 18-pound ordnance is of 
English make, and will shoot both 
faster and farther than the Krupp 
guns. Its caliber is 3.3 inches, 
and the muzzle velocity 1,600 feet 
per second. The gunners are able 
to get away 29 shots per minute, 
while the German rate of fire is 
only twenty. The maximum effec- 
tive range is 6,300 yards against 
6,oco for any other gun of its class. 
Each gun and carriage weighs 
2,690 pounds. There are six guns 
in a battery, and the number of 
rounds of ammunition normally is- 
sued is 176 per gun. 



JAN -9 1915 




Canadian Troops Off for th« 
War 

The loyalty and enthusiasm of 
the Dominion at this critical time 
is very impressive. The picture 
shows the Ninetieth Winnipeg 
Rifles on trtie march from the train- 
ing camp at Valcartier, eighteen 
miles north of Quebec — the lar- 
gest practice encampment ever es- 
tablished in America. Many of 
Canada's soldiers are veterans of 
the British army ; some saw service 
in South Africa ; the rest are intel- 
ligent farmers' sons or young busi- 
ness men from the cities. Thirtj-- 
three thousand Canadians disem- 
barked at Plymouth on October 14, 
with more to follow. 





Exhausted French Dragoons 
Camping in Village Street .. 

Dragoons were originally trained 
to fight either on horseback or 
afoot. Many of them carry bam- 
boo lances, said to be even stronger 
than steel. The term "dragoon" 
probably comes from the dragon 
worked on the muzzle of the old 
carbine they used to carry, as drag- 
ons were supposed to spout fire. 
The bivouac on piles of straw, with 
weapons stacked ready for instant 
service, suggests vividly the condi- 
tion pi soldiers in the intervals of 
hard fighting. This is an actual 
scene on the line of retreat toward 
Paris. 



German Field Artillery 

The splendid "fitness" of the 
German artiller>'man is illustrated 
by these vigorous, intelligent fel- 
lows, smiling at the photographer 
as he snapped them. They might 
be riding to a picnic, instead of to 
awful war. Their helmets are 
tipped with a brass ball instead of 
a spike such as the infantry have, 
in order that the eyes may not be 
injured when the men bend over 
the guns to aim tJiem. The box, 
or caisson, on which two men are 
sitting, contains projectiles and 
equipment for use in serving the 
gun. 






TKE'rAMOUS rs MILUMttE-R FRENCH GUNS AT THE MARN£ 



The Famous 75 Miliimeter 
French Guns at the Marne 

The French guns, by many mili- 
tary experts, are said to be superior 
to any otiier field artillery. Their 
bore is only 2.95 indies, but the 
initial velocity and accuracy are 
greater than the German guns, and 
tlieir lightness makes them more 
mobile in action. A battery has 
about the same effect on an advanc- 
ing line as a mowing-machine on 
a harvest field. 



French Hussars at Rouen 

The Hussars are light cavalrj 
intended for scouting, and use 
much smaller horses than the cuiras- 
siers. Many French race-horses 
were seized by the government for 
the use of these troops, and a maxi- 
mum price of $200 was paid, 
though some of the thoroughbreds 
were valued at $10,000 by their 
owners. 

In the background are seen the 
towers of the cathedral at Rouen, 
which is a quaint, old Norman 
town, the capital of William the 
Conqueror, before he crossed the 
Ciiannel. 




French Line Infantry Passing 
Monument of Napoleon 

The monument is near the vil- 
lage of Vauchamps, where the 
French defeated Blucher and the 
Prussians on February 14, 181 4. 
It is in the Department of the 
Marne: scene of the first victory 
of the allies in the present war. 

Red caps and trousers have been 
the uniform of French soldiers 
since Napoleon's day, but they pro- 
vide the enemy with a good target, 
and are poorly svilted to modern 
campaigning. The Germans, how- 
ever, gave France no time to equip 
her army with khaki, and the 
French soldiers took the field in 
their historic garb. 





The Terrible Uhlans 

This variety of light cavalry was 
introduced into central Europe by 
the Tartars of Asia in the middle 
ages. They were armed with sabre, 
pistol and lance, at first carried in 
the left hand. The pennon is in- 
tended to frighten the enemy's 
horses, and identifies the men as 
Prussians. The Poles, Austrians, 
and Russians also adopted uhlans. 
In the Franco-Prussian War of 
1870 they led the invasion of 
northern France, and won great 
fame by their fearless activity. 




Feeding tbeMen in the Trenches 
— A German Field Bakery 

Napoleon said "An army travels 
on its st»mach." This is part of 
the wonderful German organiza- 
tion for supplying the men in the 
field with daily bread. Each 
wagon supplies 1,600 men — there 
are twenty-five with each army 
corps of 40,000. The war ration 
includes bread, biscuit, eggs, meat, 
beans, rice, dried vegetables, salt 
and cofltee. 



The German Defense Against 
the Airship — Krupp Gun on 
Motor 

This is one of the deadly Krupp 
aeroplane guns, mounted on a Mer- 
cedes auto truck. The rear wheels 
are braced to steady the gun fjom 
vibration under the heavy shock of 
firing. 

An aeroplane is a very difficult 
target, not only on account of its 
rapid flight, but also because the 
only vital spots arc the engine and 
the "passengers. 






Crack Austrian Regiment 
from Vienna 

Austrian mi'litaTy traditions are 
equal to any in Europe In the 
sixteenth century they turned back 
the tide of Turkish conquest and 
saved Europe. Military service is 
compulsory on all able-bodied 
males from 20 to 42, and totab 
twelve years — three in the line, 
seven in reserve, and two in the 
"Landwehr." The long trousers 
worn by these troops show that 
they arc recruited from the Ger- 
manic part of the empire — for the 
Austrian army, like the empire it- 
self, contains men speaking twen- 
ty-six different languages. 



Cossacks— The Rough Riders 
of Russia 

The Cossacks of the river Don 
pay no taxes, but are liable to mili- 
tar>- service from eighteen to fifty, 
and each must furnish his ov.ti 
horse. They are wonderful riders, 
and excellent scouts or skirmishers. 
Their hollow drclc formation is 
a iavorite one for defense. 

The government is so arranged 
as to iurnish tjhe largest military' 
array on the shortest notics. In 
personal appearance, the Cossacks 
are more slender and handsomer 
than the Russians. 



Russian Regulars on the March 
Through Galicia 

Contrary to popular impression, 
the number of trained men in the 
Russian army is no greater than 
in the German. The number of 
recruits available is, of course, 
much larger. , 

The Russian mfantry Is famous 
for close fighting with the bayonet, 
which is made a part of the gun 
and cannot be removed. The faces 
of the men are a distinctively Slavic 
type. They are patient, enduring, 
brave, and fight with a stubborn 
tenacity which has wrecked the 
hopes of every general in history 
who attempted the invasion and 
conquest of their territory. 





The Black Watch 

"Faithful, constant, generous in 
tic hour of victor}', and endued 
wit^ calm perseverance under trial 
and disaster," the Highlanders of 
Scotland have won conspicuous 
honor on England's many battle- 
fields. 

These are the men who arc said 
in the present war to have re- 
peated the famous charge made by 
their ancestors at Waterloo a cen- 
tury ago. Each infantiyman, 
grasping the stirrup of a cavalry- 
man of the Scots Greys, kept pace 
with the horses, as the two regi- 
ments rushed with terrific momen- 
tum against the hostile lines. 




Gennao Hussars in Brussels 

Not all German cavalrymen are 
Uhlans. Ti\e Hussars also are 
light cavalry-, adapted for recon- 
noitering. Beth Uhlans and Hus- 
sars carry lances over ten feet long, 
made of a single yteel tube drawn 
to a tempered point, with a pennon 
fluttering from it. In actual con- 
flict thtse are usually removed. 
The color of the pennon shows 
from what state of the Empire the 
troopers come — the black-and-white 
ones in the picture diow that they 
arc Prussians. 



England's Indian Regiment 

Here is the pride of India's con- 
tingent, 70,000 native troops — 
Sikhs and Ghurkas from the Hima- 
layas, Bengal lancers from the 
Ganges, and Mahrata infantrymen 
from the torrid central plains. 
They wear their turbans even, in 
Europe, where the remainder of 
the uniform is khaki. 

The helmeted officers are Eng- 
lishmen. The Indians have already 
proved their courage and skill 
against the Germans. Like all the 
regulars of the British army, they 
are wonderful bayonet fighters. 






A Detachment of the. French 
Aviation Corps 

The aeroplane is one of the fac- 
tors that have revoiutionized* mod- 
ern warfare. Its use for dropping 
bombs on hbstile cities gives it a 
spectacular place in the news col- 
umns of to-day, but its real mili- 
tary value consists in scoutinfr, 
getting the range for artillery, and 
preventing surprises by the enemy. 

The French army is thoroughly 
equipped with the swiftest mono- 
planes in Europe, and the French 
are wonderful aviators — skillful, 
fearless, and resourceful. 



One of Germany's Mammoth 
Zeppelins 

These great dirigible airsh^>s, 
hundreds of feet long, were in- 
vented and perfected by the aged 
Count Zeppelin. They are effec- 
tive within a range of one thousand 
miles. The German Empire has 
unquestionably surpassed all its 
rivals in Europe in the thorough 
application of the inventions of 
modern science to the making of 
war. 

In the. right background is seen 
the hangar, or shed, in which the 
craft is housed. The |heep have 
become accustomed to the hovering 
giant and feed quietly under it. 



Ready for the Uhlans— Belgian 
Armored Motor Cars 

The flat lowlands of Belgium 
and northern France are networked 
with perfect roads, making passible 
very rapid movement of troops. 
Armored motor cars have been 
much used by all the armies, es- 
pecially as escorts for aviators. The 
car on the left carries a machine 
gun ; the one on the right is simply 
urmored with sheet steel to stand 
heavy fire. 

The Belgians employed these 
cars extensively in the first month 
of die war, in their attempt to pre- 
\cnt tht raids of the German cav- 
.ilry. 





The Prussian Crown Prince's 
Regiment 

TTie Crown Prince is always 
colonel of the Death's Head Hus- 
sars, and when he had a "differ- 
ence" with his father a few years 
ago, the Kaiser exiled him to his 
command at Danzig, where thr 
regiment was permanently sta- 
tioned. In stati; reviews th&Crowii 
Princess often appears in her 
Death's Head uniform as honorary 
colonel. Naturally, German noble- 
men are eager to join this regiment, 
which is one of the "crack" organi- 
zations of the Prussian army. 




British Artillery Embarking for 
France 

This is one of the barges used 
to carry horses and guns to the 
transport ship. The horses are then 
lifted into the vessel by means of a 
belt around their bellies. Some of 
(he Jackies have taken off their 
shoes and stockings and rolled up 
their trousers. The artillerj'man, 
partly hidden behind his mount, is 
dressed in khab*. 



Part of the Russian Steam 
Roller— One of the Czar's 
Crack Regiments 

There are twelve regiments of 
Grenadiers of the Guard, all com- 
posed of big men. Tlie picture 
shows a formal review, the regi- 
mental band playing parade music 
as the Guard marches by. 

Only a few days before the war 
broke out, President Poincare, of 
France, reviewed these famous 
troops of the Czar in St Peters- 
burg — now Petrograd. 






Canadian Royal Horse Artillery 
Mobilizing 

This is part of Canada's splen- 
did contribution to the defense of 
the motherland. The Royal Horse 
were among the first contingent of 
33,000 to embark — Canada pledged 
200,000 altogether. 

Canadian horses are noted for 
tjieir strength and beauty. They 
play a large part in the develop- 
ment of Canada's rich agricultural 
resources, and the Royal Artillery 
took the finest of Canadian horses 
across with them. 



'-viy:,4^r-;:i'.c 



-a*':-^^-' - 



The Surprise of the War — The 
New German Siege Gun 

These are the guns that battered 
Namur into ruins, reduced Meu- 
beuge, and were emplo>'ed in the 
capture of Antwerp^ The Ger- 
mans deinonstrated their marvelous 
efficiency in the "art of war" by 
keeping the existence of these fort- 
destroyers a complete secret until 
they were ready to use them against 
Belgium and France. 

The guns are transported in sec- 
tions by rail as far as possible, and 
then hy great traction engines. 
The block of wood in the cannon's 
mouth protects the chamber frotn 
dust and rust. 




THL SURPRISE OF THE WAR -THE NEW GERMAN*SIEGE GUN 





i 



Belgian War Dogs 

One of the most interesting 
sidelights of the war is the use of 
dogs to draw the Belgian "mitrail- 
leuses." All who have visited 
Belgium have been surprised at 
the amount of work, such as haul- 
ing market wagons, performed by 
these animals. The rubber-tired 
gun carriage is in strange contrast 
with the bizarre appearance of the 
"dogs of war" — tired out after a 
stiff march. 




Military and Naval Statistics of the European 
Powers at the Outbreak of the War 



NAVAL STRENGTH 



AIR FLEET 






• £ 



e 



GREAT BRITAIN 121.380 45,000.000 730,000 

FRANCE 207.218 39300.000 4.000.000 

RUSSIA 8.650.000 160.000.000 5,500.000 

GERMANY 208.830 64,900,000 5.200,000 

AUSTRIA 115,903 49,400,000 2,000,000 

SERVIA 23,661 4.000,000 240,000 

BELGIUM 11,373 7,300.000 222,000 

NETHERLANDS 12,582 5.900.000 180,000 

ITALY...-. 111.000 33.900.000 t.200,000 

SPAIN 196,200 19,700,000 350,000 

NORWAY 124,200 2,400.000 115,000 

SWEDEN 172.900 5.400,000 450,000 

DENMARK 15,582 2,700.000 70.000 

PORTUGAL 34,600 5,400.000 150.000 

TURKEY 11.100 2.000.000 700,000 

GREECE 25,000 2.600.000 150,000 

SWITZERLAND 15.976 3.300.000 275.000 



137.500 
60.621 
52.463 
66.783 
17,581 



11.164 

33.095 

10.165 

1.003 

5.715 

4.000 

6.000 

30.000 

4.000 



67 
32 
17 
39 
13 



6 
16 
4 



122 
31 
19 
61 
12 



II 
20 
9 
5 
I 
1 

6 
4 
I 



380 
356 
184 
225 
89 



53 
133 
23 
52 
75 
25 
30 
22 
35 



9 
22 
18 
40 

6 



TVAJ 

1.400 
800 

1.000 

400 

60 

100 



$3,695,854,000 

6,283,675,000 

4,553,488,000 

1,177,418,000 

1,051,346,000 

128,078,000 

759,632,000 

467,709,000 

2,706,609,000 

1,815,691,000 

97,232,000 

162,428,000 

94.330,000 

968,324,000 

554,441,000 

183,886,000 

23,614,000 



DISTANCES IN MILES BETWEEN EUROPEAN CITIES. 



I I I i ^1 1 i 1 I ii 

? .__^ -J > X £ S E s (jj 

BERLIN 475 510 275 750 560 650 1,000 875 200 

PARIS.. 475 175 560 1.175 790 600 560 1,360 550 

LONDON 510 175 675 1,080 920 780 680 1360 530 

VIENNA 275 560 675 ... 860 275 410 970 900 475 

ST. PETERSBURG 750 1.175 1.080 660 980 1.260 1.680 350 675 

BELGRADE 560 790 920 275 980 .... 380 1,100 980 725 

ROME 650 600 780 410 1,260 380 740 1,290 830 

MADRID 1,000 560 680 970 1.680 1,100 740 1.850 1.020 

MOSCOW 875 1.360 1.360 900 350 980 1.290 1.850 850 

COPENHAGEN 200 550 530 475 675 725 830 1.020 850 

II a. m. at Chicago is 6 a. m. al London. — ^ — ^___^_^_^.^____________^____^__^.^___ 

THE NATIONS AT WAR 

SERVIA parliament, army and emperor, Francis Joseph. He 

Servia is an independent kingdom. The capital is belongs to the house of Hapsburg, which has ruled 

Belgrade. For centuries Servia was a province of the Austria for six hundred years, and himself has held the 

Turkish Empire, constantly in revolt and passionately throne at Vienna since 1848. 

striving to become independent. By the Treaty of Austria possesses important ports on the Adriatic, 
Berlin in 1878 Servian independence was secured. and if she had territory in the Balkan peninsula might 
With the triumph of the Balkan Allies — Servia, Mon- gain access to the Mediterranean and prevent Russia 
tenegro, Bulgaria and Greece — over Turkey in 1913, from doing the same. She once tried to reach the sea 
much valuable territory was added to all the Balkan through Italy, but failed. The growth of the Slavic 
nations. The great ambition of Servia to secure terri- states in the Balkans is directly contrary to Austrian 
tory on the sea was thwarted, however, by Austria- interests and ambitions. A power occupying the Balkan 
Hungary; and the ancient Servian hatred for Austria, peninsula might easily control the Suez Canal, con- 
roused to action, brought about the incident immedi- necting Europe with the Orient, 
ately leading to the great European War. Agriculture is the principal pursuit, and Austria is 
This was the assassination of the Austrian cro\vn able to supply her own food. In the north, wheat and 
prince, in June, by a Servian conspirator. Austria barley grow, and corn in the south. The mineral wealth 
claimed that the Servian government was a party to is great — coal and salt abound. Cotton, woolen, linen 
the murder, and sent an ultimatum making peremp- and silk goods are manufactured; also metals, glass, 
tory demands that the murderers be punished. The leather and musical instruments. Commerce is mainly 
Servian government, denying any connection with the with Germany and Turkey, 
assassins, none the less agreed to all the Austrian de- r'TTRA/f ATSJV 
mands save one. They refused to permit Austrian Ijrrl/KMAiN I 
officials to try the conspiracy cases. Austria declared Twenty-five states constitute the German Empire, 
war. formed by the first imperial chancellor, Bismarck, in 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 1871. Its capital is Berlin. The king of Prussia Is 
A dual monarchy, inhabited by several nationalities emperor (William II, since 1888). He may declare 
and comprising two semi-independent countries, each war and conclude peace, contract alliances and make 
with its own government but also with a common treaties. 

(CONTINUED ON PACE IS) 



THE NATIONS AT WAR 

(CONTINUED FROM PACE 13) 



The German people are intelligent and industrious. 
Since the founding of the empire their industrial and 
commercial development has been wonderful. Less 
than half the population is now engaged in agricul- 
ture, but Germany still produces the larger part of 
her food supply. Almost one-third as many cattle are 
raised as in the United States, and Gfermany leads tlie 
world in sugar production. 

Colonial' expansion, commerce, and the need of food 
imports has built up a great German merchant marine 
and navy. If Austria were part of the Empire, with 
a path to the Mediterranean, Germany would have 
the harbors and seaways needed to increase her mari- 
time power and would also [wssess the shortest trade 
route to the Orient. Bismarck wanted to secure 
Germany from attack, so that she could develop her 
industries in peace,, and with this end in view made 
alliances with Austria and Italy, at the same time 
encouraging naval and military growth. 

RUSSIA 

One of the most powerful countries, including all 
northern Asia as well as eastern Europe. It is an 
absolute monarchy, ruled by the Czar Nicholas II at 
Petrograd (St. Petersburg). He came to the tlirone 
in 1894. 

The population is mostly Slavic, and the racial sym- 
patiiy is therefore with the Balkan peoples. Russia, 
like Austria and Germany, would like a port on the 
Mediterranean, as she now has access to the Atlantic 
only through the Baltic Sea and the Dardanelles (be- 
tween the Black Sea and tlie j^gean). 

Sixty years ago Russia attacked Turkey, menacing 
Great Britain's route to her Oriental possessions. 
These two powers combined with France and repulsed 
Russia in the Crimean War. Since tlie time of Peter 
the Great the Russians have had their eyes on Con- 
stantinople, and as long as they cannot have it will try 
to prevtnt Germany or Austria from getting it. 

Seven-eighths of the peasants are farmers, and two- 
thirds of the land is sown to cereals. 

FRANCE 

A republic. Paris is the capital, and the president 
(since 1913) is Raymond Poincare. It is more than 
three-fourths the size of Texas, and lias about two- 
fifths the population of the United States. 

Most of the people live by agriculture, which is 
carried to a high standard. Wheat, oats, barley and 
corn are grown, also root-crops, fruits, tobacco, grapes 
and silk. There are rich mines of coal, iron and lead. 
In 19 1 2 France ranked fourth in imports and exports. 
In manufactures of silk the French predominate, and 
they make fine muslins, porcelains, glass, jewelry and 
clocks. 

GREAT BRITAIN 

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, 
comprising England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. 
London is the capital, and George V, since 1910, has 
been King of Great Britain and Emperor of India. 
The coast line measures about twenty-eight hundred 
miles, and the English navy is equal to any other two. 
"The sun never sets on her colonial possessions," and 
her world-trade is the largest of any nation. 

Manufacturing is the leading industry. Most of 
the large cities are near the coal-fields in the north 
central part. London, Liverpool and Edinburgh are 
the principal ports. 



England lias no fear of losing India, but does not 
look with favor on Russia's Balkan ambitions. At 
the same time she is opposed to the spread of a great 
(jerman empire from Holland to the /Egean Sea, 
which would upset the English doctrine of small inde- 
pendent states and the "balance of power" in Europe. 

BELGIUM 

A democratic kingdom ruled by Albert, since 1909 
(capital Brussels). Its length is 165 miles and width 
120; the population about 650 to the square mile, 
composed ■ of I'lemish and Walloons — the former of 
French and the latter of German extraction. 

Belgium is low and flat in the north ; hilly and tim- 
bered in the south. The country is well watered and 
networked with canals. Rich in minerals, it is a 
prominent manufacturing country. Linens, laces, cot- 
tons and woolens, carpets, machines and cutlery are 
exported, witii coal, iron and farm products. The 
imports are cof?ee, sugar, petroleum, hides and raw 
materials. Agriculture is carried to great perfection, 
but the country is not self-supporting. 

Brussels is a great manufacturing center, and Ant- 
werp the principal seaport. 

ITALY 

The king of Italy is Victor Emmanuel III, Whose 
rule began in 1900. The products are fruits, rice, 
wheat, silk, olives, marble, etc. Naples is the largest 
city, and has varied manufactures. 

Previous to 1859 Italy was divided into separate 
states. In 1870 Victor Emmanuel, king of Sardinia, 
united Italy and made Rome the national capital. 
Austria tried to thwart this movement. England and 
France were friendly to Italy at that time, and Ger- 
many was neutral. 

ALLIANCES 

The Triple Alliance was formed by Bismarck, after 
the Franco-Prussian War. Its object was to strengtiien 
Germany and isolate France. A dual league «'as 
made in 1879 between Austria and Germany, which 
Italy joined in 1880. By this alliance the nations 
intended to aid each other in defense. Bismarck 
wanted Russia In the league, but trouble in the 
Balkans broke off this project. 

Soon after France formed a league with Russia. 
Bismarck fell from power in 1890, but the Triple 
Alliance was still stronger than its rival, until France 
brought England into the Triple Entente, agreeing 
to give England a free hand in Egj'pt in return for the 
same in Morocco. 

STRATEGY 

The German attack on France is weakened by the 
fact fhat Italy did not act with the other members of 
the Triple Alliance, as a diverting attack from the 
south would divide the French defense. From the map 
it is e.isy to see why Germany advanced through Bel- 
gium, in spite of the fact that Germany, in i8^2?» had 
been one of the powers to guarantee Belgium's neu- 
trality, because the mountains bordering France -from 
the Alps to Verdun were strongly fortified, while the 
approach from Belgium was not. 

It is also clear that Russia was compelled to estab- 
lish her position along the Carpathian Mountains before 
advancing on Berlin — so that a northward movement 
from Austria-Hungary might not cut her line of com- 
munication. 



L 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS _ 

021 394 422 8 



The Effect of the War on Osborne 
Art Calendars for 1916 



You probably know that the outbreak of war immediately resulted in a 
scarcity of dye stuffs. In the calendar business this has affected inks for 
color printing, paints for water colors, coloring matter for ribbon, paper and 
cord. The rag used in high grade paper was also affected, and to some 
extent even the clay for enameled stock — part of this material coming from 
the war area. 

The Osborne Company acted promptly in the crisis. Taking advantage 
of the large capital fortunately at our command, we purchased outright 
practically an entire year's supply of materials, at prices which cannot be 
duplicated today for materials of equal grade. 

As a result the new line of Osborne Art Calendars for 1916 will be sold to 
our customers at no advance in price, and there will be no deterioration in 
quality through the substitution of inferior or untested materials. 

On the contrary, the new line will offer you unexpected value for 
every dollar of your calendar appropriation. 

It is absolutely, in all respects, the superlative line — the masterpiece — of 
the 25 years of progress since this Company originated the art calendar 
business. 

Do not buy in haste — before you see Osborne Art Calendars for 1916. 
Wait — the reward will be better and more attractive advertising, a subject 
yours exclusively for your town (no jobber's calendar gives you this impor- 
tant service) and the greatest value any calendar house does or can offer you 
for your money. 

The Osborne man will surely call. Wait for him in your own interest. 

EDMUND B. OSBORNE, President. 



THE OSBORNE COMPANY 

NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON 

GENERAL OFFICES AND WORKS, NEWARK, NEW JERSEY 

LARGEST CALENDAR SALES IN THE WORLD 



